Investigation of Aspirin Overdose Using Salicylate Assay

Investigation of Aspirin Overdose Using Salicylate Assay Introduction Aspirin is the most widely used over-the-counter drug in the world. The average tablet contains about 325 milligrams of acetylsalicylic. Aspirin is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Aspirin originally was derived by boiling the bark of the white willow tree. Although the salicin in willow bark has palliative properties, purified salicylic acid was bitter and irritating when taken orally. Phenylsalicylate could be produced by modifying Salicylic acid which resulted in better tasting and less irritating outcomes. Felix Hoffman and Arthur Eichengrà ¼n first produced the active ingredient in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, in 1893. However, Hippocrates wrote about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers during the fifth century B.C 200 ml well mixed stomach contents (Sample A)- Transparent Yellow 200 ml hydrolysed stomach contents (Sample B)- Purple 200 ml urine (Sample D)- Light Purple 200 ml negative control (water)- Transparent Yellow 200 ml positive control (400 mg /ml sodium salicylate)- Purple Solution i and iv which where stomach content and negative control turned Transparent Yellow this means, No change, Negative test. Solutions ii and v turned purple which means that the test where portative for high aspirin traces. Solution iii turned Light Purple which means that slight trances of aspirin are shown the sample. Salicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little as its ionized in the stomach after oral consumption. Acetylsalicylic acid is poorly soluble in the acidic conditions of the stomach, which can setback amalgamation of high doses for 8 to 24 hours. In addition to the increased pH of the small intestine, aspirin is rapidly absorbed due to the increased surface area, which results in allowing more of the salicylate to dissolve. However, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion. As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid are metabolized in the liver. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes ever more important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely responsive to changes in urinary pH. There is a 10 to 20 fold increase in renal clearance when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization utilizes this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. From the deductions that can be from by results and investigations, it shows that aspirin is absorbed via the small intestine, which then transported to the blood serum. Waste product is transported to urea and disposed via renal excretion. Therefore more aspirin is present in the serum, that why forms a precipitate and the urine dose not as much of it is waste product. The acutely toxic dose of aspirin is commonly regard as greater than 150  mg per kg of body mass. Moderate toxicity occurs at doses up to 300  mg/kg, severe toxicity occurs between 300 to 500  mg/kg, and a potentially lethal dose is greater than 500  mg/kg. Chronic toxicity may arise subsequently to doses of 100  mg/kg per day for two or more days. Around 3 grams per day in divided doses for rheumatoid arthritis is recommended. Serum salicylate levels may be useful in guiding therapeutic decisions regarding dosage. Serum salicylate levels of 150 to 300 mcg/mL are associated with anti-inflammatory response. However, the incidence of toxicity increases with salicylate levels greater than 200 mcg/mL. This patients salicylate concentration level levels where 400 mcg/mL. Therefore I believe this person was overdosing on aspirin. The key objectionable side effects of aspirin are tinnitus, gastrointestinal ulcers and stomach bleeding contestably in higher doses; this is due to aspirin irritating the stomach lining. In youngsters, aspirin is no longer used to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reyes syndrome. Another common side effect of aspirin is heart burn, this can occur at low doses. Aspirin was once used as an anti-inflammatory drug as well as a pain killer. This results in the medication working as a block pain. For example, when a person has a headache, it is often the result in restriction in the blood vessels of the brain. Aspirin reduces the swelling and also thins down the blood to help with blood flow through the vessels; this help in reducing pain and prevention of recurring when the painkiller properties of aspirin wear off. Aspirin is also effective in reducing fevers. People who have a history of heart problems and those at risk of heart attacks are often advised by doctors to take daily doses of aspirin as a preventative measure. The blood thinning properties of aspirin can save a life in the event of a heart emergency by helping some blood to pass through the body until a clot or blockage can be treated. Aspirin is also a known anti-coagulant, which means that it helps to keep the blood thin and prevents clotting. Anti-coagulant is used to prevent blood clots forming within the blood vessels; this can cause heart attack, stroke or other circulatory system problems.

Otherwise Commentary

Otherwise Commentary The poem Otherwise is short, simple and eloquent. The author, Cilla McQueen, describes two lovers that are located on â€Å"opposite† sides of the world. McQueen uses the title to emphasize the conflicts. The speaker’s emotions are expressed through two main themes; love and distance. Imagery and diction maximize the emotions associated with these themes. Additionally, she uses many literary devices throughout the poem for effect. From the onset, the title Otherwise is vital to the poem foreshadowing conflict, contrast and turmoil. The word sets the scene for two different sides of love. In this case, love is not presented as joyful and precarious but rather as agonizing and painful due to distance. It is the title that influences the structure of the poem and emphasizes the contrasting ideas. A physical divide can be observed between the conscious state of reality, stanza 1, and the subconscious state of dream, stanza 2; each stanza representing two very different perspectives of love. Finally, the title is intimately connected to the poem as it is echoed and punctuated in line 5, â€Å"where water spirals and the moon waxes otherwise. † The main themes found in the poem revolve around love and distance. Love is the predominant theme. It is the distance that causes the suffering and the agony. The poem opens with the speaker stating, â€Å"I come from an opposite country from yours†. The reader is immediately involved in the love story understanding that the lovers are located in different countries as mentioned in line 6 â€Å"stars assemble in unfamiliar patterns†. Constellations give different perspectives depending on where one is in the world. The distance quantified by the footnote clarifies the â€Å"opposite country† means â€Å"the speaker comes from the other hemisphere. This vast distance can infer that the lovers are from different cultures. As the speaker’s love for her lover becomes apparent so too does the distress and torment that the couple faces due to both physical and emotional distance. McQueen uses imagery and diction to accentuate the contrasts between the state of reality, stanza 1, and the state of dream, stanza 2. The author util izes simple structure coupled with a rich, descriptive vocabulary to compare the speaker’s life at present to a metaphorical life with her lover in the future. She parallels her life to â€Å"water spirals†. The water spirals represent the circular pattern of the speaker’s life. This monotone pattern is due to the longing for her lover. The spiral revolves around a central point; for the speaker this central point is her lover living on another hemisphere. The reader imagines the speaker’s daily activities to be repetitive, dull and without purpose as she awaits her lover’s arrival. This metaphor symbolizes the complexity of both love and nature; both elements are beautiful in all their intricacies. On the contrary, the second stanza presents the desired, hoped for, dream images, â€Å"we would walk together quietly right to the very end†. This passage incorporates the â€Å"would† aspect to illustrate that this is a metaphysical situation conjuring up a happy and hopeful image of the two lovers walking along the beach until â€Å"the end†, death. These powerful images and choice of words underline the differences between the state of reality and the state of dream effectively expressing how painful it is to be apart and the bliss of being together forever. The scenes are vivid and clear making the reader feel empathy for the speaker. There are a variety of literary devices that emphasize certain aspects of the poem. Firstly, the speaker expresses his thoughts in the first person; the verses are free. There is no iambic pentameter or rhyming pattern. This style gives a conversational, intimate tone; as if the reader is eavesdropping in on the two lovers. Secondly, this informal tone is contrasted by the formal and decisive shape of the poem. Furthermore, it is evident by the physical appearance of the poem that that a conflict of the settings exists, â€Å"I watch often not traffic or television but hour by hour the huge tide†. The speaker compares two different lifestyles; one of the speaker situated on a coast; soothing, relaxing and simple. Meanwhile her lover is located in a city; loud, tense and complex. The physical divide in the poem presents the conflict in the settings inferring the conflict in the relationship. This conflict is reflected by the change in tone from stanza 1 to stanza 2. The first stanza is full of facts as she sadly describes her reality while the second stanza is full of emotions and hope expressing the metaphysical situation the lovers would be in if united. If you were with me now† underlines the ambiguity of when â€Å"now† will come. As the author guides the reader through the relationship, she dreams of the setting and activities giving hope that the lovers â€Å"would† do such things once together. An interesting simile is used if and when the speaker’s lover comes back to her â€Å"favorite beach†. This symbolizes home, the nest; the beach represents for the speaker a place of nurturing, peace, safety and joy. Enjambment is also used effectively to communicate the flow of feelings. This device along with little punctuation enables the reader to advance without limits. The only punctuation is found in the form of a few periods to permit the reader to pause but no capitals follow such as, â€Å"sliding through. if you were here†. This technique permits thoughts to continue. Moreover, alliteration is used throughout the poem. The letter â€Å"w† suggests soothing and comforting feelings, such as, â€Å"where water†, â€Å"waxes†, â€Å"were with†, â€Å"walk†, â€Å"wheel†, and â€Å"we would walk†. This reassuring sound represents what love is supposed to be warm, kind and supportive. All of the above devices combined make the complex concepts of love and distance clear and very well thought out. In conclusion, McQueen does a brilliant job at expressing the abovementioned two themes using the title to foreshadow, imagery and diction to empathize with the speaker and the many literary devices to present the emotions of the desperate speaker yearning for her lover to return. All devices are masterfully coordinated to show the sad reality of the speaker’s life and the hope of being reunited with her lover. (1037)

The Great Recession and The Unemployment Rate - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1372 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Unemployment Essay Did you like this example? Work is important to most of our lives , that enables us to get by in the world, but also itrs the key to now we define ourselves and to our sense of self-worth. At the end of the Great Recession, the unemployment rate peaked at 10.0 percent (in October 2009) which has significantly increased before the Recession. Youth unemployment has became a long term problem in the U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Great Recession and The Unemployment Rate" essay for you Create order An increase of youth joblessness slows down the speed of U.S economic recovery, although the Great Recession affected national economic around the world, which has already has been 9-10 years. So we have to think about is it the government not doing well in unemployment problem which has affected to economic globally or is it individualrs problem. There were several factors that caused the Great Recession, the housing market was a large part, Several factors conspired to cause the problem. A push for the maximum number of people to own a house has been policy objective off the government. There were many companies and banks willing to give home loans that were not concern about whether or not the loan applicant had the ability to ever pay back the loan. Also, at that time which was during the Great Recession, housing prices skyrocketed, banks approved loans with lower credit scores, incomes and savings. Incomes simply were not enough to afford a high cost of housing. Hence, people saved less money and were less prepared for unemployment and costly life events along with financial party going as home prices continue to skyrocket. As for individual, people were selfish in a way, by trying to live beyond their means- using credits/loans/mortgages, and sometimes, violating regulations in the process along with a significantly in crease in prices at everything. Since, everything from housing prices to necessary things in life such as oil/ gas prices rise, people spend more money and more money, more than what they used to spend, they are without any consciousness reducing the money available for them to be spent on actual reproductive day. The Great Recession has provoked many business to slow down since 2008; as a result many people have lost their jobs and became unemployed. Because of that, the unemployment has been a particular concern within both government and private sectors for many years. On the authority of The U.S Bureau Of Labor Statistic, the employment rate of young adults has decreased as it did in all other groups, during the recession. According to The Recession 2007-2009, the percentage of young men employment has declined about 88 % in the fall of 2007 along with young women unemployment peaked at 79% in the late of 2007; they both remained fairly stable through December 2008 which was when the Great Recession happened. The Great Recession was the most severe economic downturn and the longest persisting recession since the Great Depression. Employment fell by 6.3 % which is more than twice the decline in the 1981 recession, three times decline in 2001 recession and four times decline in the 1990 re cession. Unemployment averaged about 4.6 % in the year leading up the Recession then spiked up to more than 10 % in October 2009, this points out the decline on youth employment rate that was resulted from the Great Recession since there were more than 15 million people that were unemployed, according to Great Recession, great recovery? Trends from the current Population Survey by Bureau Labor Statistic .Unemployment rate increases because businesses sack staff/labor because they cannot afford to pay them, people are not buying what is being produced and sold, so company faces serious loss which caused the recession and increase rate of unemployment . Since, unemployment rate increased during the Great Recession, as a result unemployment is like a backbone structure in an economy. Unemployment directly affects a countryrs economic. If a country has high unemployment rate then there would be no production and without production the economy wouldnt be able to survive. Therefore, une mployment has negatively impacted among peoples lives, but on what spectrum? Firstly, the consequences of unemployment of the individual is emotionally, socially destructive and it could also impact on their future. According to Unemployment and Health: Experiences Narrated by Young Finnish Men, an article that examines psychological effects of youth unemployment, ? The young men described how they often had feelings of shame and guilt over, as they put it, not doing my bit, that is, not being involved and contributing to the public welfare but rather being more of a burden on society, as stated by the study, young men often feel guilty since they have been out of work for so long and have not been a part to contribute to society ?. Their feelings spilt into three categories which is Standing on the sidelines, Not being anybody, and Feeling worry, those are the phases that they would likely to experience when they are unemployed. Unemployment is concentrated in some areas of the city/country; this could basically depress the whole area and creating a vicious cycle and becomes unemployed could cause psychological stress. When they are unemployed, individual has low self-confidence which causes stress. Moreover, an individual being unemployed will restrict his/her spending on both, needs (food, clothes, other living expenses, etc ) and wants significantly since they are out of work. This can lead to significant difficulties rapidly. An extreme situation would be having no food to eat, no roof to live under along with serious mental and physical illness. Being unemployed can put a lot of pressure on an individual if he/ she is the sold provider for his/her family. There also another consequences that is contributed by unemployment that is discouragement in finding jobs. In conformity with Economic Synopses, the article Accounting for Discouraged Workers in the Unemployment Rates stated ? Discouraged workers, for instance, represent less than 9 % of the unemployed workers and less than six-tenths of 1 % of the labor force. This points out that one of the outcomes from the Great Recession is that workers have been unemployed for a very long time. If they have been out of work even longer and their job skills may no longer match the requirements for new jobs being offered. Also ,as stated by Unemployment and Health: Experiences Narrated by Young Finnish Men, ? The young men reported how their lives were becoming more and more unstructured and, as a consequence, days and nights were blurred together. They had no time schedule to keep. This often resulted in the young men more or less turning the days and nights around because they felt there was no reason to get up in the morning when no one was expecting them. Because unemployed have no purpose to get up everyday because theres no point of doing that unless they have jobs to do, they feel discouraged on finding new jobs and new opportunities for them to be a part of society and become unemployed or discouraged unemployed people. There are always long-term consequences from a problem. One of them are social impact from unemployment. Importantly, poverty is one of the consequence that comes from unemployment. Particularly in rural areas lower castes and marginal social groups are generally poor In consideration, unemployed people have been out of work for a long period of time, they would consider to engage criminal actions such as becoming a thief or a robber or asking for dowry because they dont really have any other options. This would tarnish their image in the society as well besides bringing risk to your life. Also, the phrase ?an idle mind is a devils mind means dont be idle or the devil will tempt you into doing something bad. In this situation, it describes when you are unemployed, all sorts of things can come in your mind which includes the possibility of committing suicide. In the study The Social Impact Of Unemployment by Bijou Yang and David Lester, they stated ? An association between unemployed and suicide has two possible microlevel explanations. First, since most suicide are mentally ill, potential suicides may have poor job performance, which may lead to job loss or alternatively, people maybe unable to work because impairment (Dilling and Weyerer, 1980) . Second, unemployment may be a cause suicide. The stress of job loss maybe so unbearable that it triggers suicidal behavior. .

Essay on Should Marijuana Be Legalized for Medical Purposes

Should Marijuana be Legalized for Medical Purposes? Marijuana has been used extensively as a medical remedy for more than five thousand years. In the early 1900s, medical usage of marijuana began to decline with the advent of alternative drugs. Injectable opiates and synthetic drugs such as aspirin and barbiturates began to replace marijuana as the physicians drug of choice in the twentieth-century, as their results proved to be more consistent than the sometimes erratic effects of the hard-to-dose potencies of marijuana (Grinspoon). The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 made cannabis so expensive to obtain that its usage as a medical remedy in the U.S. came to a halt. Although now illegal in the U.S., marijuana continues to be used†¦show more content†¦The article also fails to address the negative side-effects of marijuana that result from smoking the plant. While there are many physicians who support the reclassification (and, sometimes, legalization) of marijuana, still others make different claims. In July of 1995, one month after Marijuana as Medicine- A Plea for Reconsideration was published in JAMA, the Department of Health and Human Services held its first research conference on marijuana. At this conference, several respected physicians noted that marijuana use during pregnancy has harmful effects on childrens intellectual abilities... compulsive marijuana use may lead to an addiction similar to that of other illicit drugs... (Claim V); and, finally, that marijuana use can put a serious choke-hold on users who try to quit (Claim V). Conflicting reports, such as these, are at the center of the smoke filled battle concerning medical legalization. In this case, the physicians assembled at the conference commented only on the drugs negative effects, and they failed to discuss any possible beneficial effects. Although there are physicians both for and against the medical legalization of marijuana, the DEA enforces the laws. The DEA regularly makes publications against legalization. Claim V of these publications is entitled There are no Compelling Reasons to Prescribe Marijuana or Heroin to Sick people. In this claim, the DEA makes contradictoryShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes2770 Words   |  11 Pagestold that she might benefit from marijuana. After much difficulty they were finally able to get it for her in oil form. After taking the medical marijuana for just one day, the seizures basically stopped. Now she only experiences one to two seizures a month! She was on the brink of dying and now she is living a relatively healthy normal life. Medical marijuana literally saved this little girl’s life. (Gupta). Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes because it is saving lives and improvingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized For Medical Purposes?1735 Words   |  7 Pagessurveys, about 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year. More than 14 million do it regularly. (NORML: Working to Reform Marijuana Laws, 2015) Marijuana has been the topic of much discussion these past decades. The main factor of discussion is whether or not to legalize it and the outcome it would have on the states. Some states have already legalized but for medicinal purposes only. Much research has come out in this decade that marijuana just isn’t for your average drug junkie butRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legalized For Pure Medical Purposes2532 Words   |  11 Pageshave not tried is medical cannabis. I am an in home caretaker for Holly, and after interviewing her mother I feel that everyone should understand why medical cannabis should be legalized for pure medical pur poses. Unfortunately the drug has been abused by recreational users, and now has a bad reputation of being a gateway drug. Some Doctor’s also believe that medical cannabis has no medicinal value. Holly’s mother is a Registered Nurse, and feels that Holly would benefit from medical cannabis; unfortunatelyRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurring in many children with refractory epilepsy are radiating from Colorado, a state where a strain of medical marijuana has been used to treat these children. The results are astonishing, yet there is a controversy preventing many children from receiving this treatment that could very well save their lives. Should medical marijuana be legalized? Though Charlottes Web, the strain of marijuana concocted to treat these sick children, could save lives, others will argue against it. Look past theRead MoreLegalization of medical marijuana at the federal law Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Why should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana can be argued for different reasons. In my case I will be arguing the medical purposes for legalizing marijuana. Marijuana has positive features, and how people prefer using marijuana. Marijuana helps individuals get through a variety of things that they suffer. Marijuana provides relief from pain, rather than other medications out there. Many individuals prefer marijuana over anything else to relax. An argument on why people using marijuana spend moreRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen debating among themselves whether or not marijuana should be legalized in America. Marijuana is a drug that can be smoked or eaten. It is grown from the ground and gives the user a sense of a hallucinogenic high. It goes by many names such as Mary Jane, kush, grass, weed, pot, green, cannabis, hemp, or chronic. Some say that marijuana is not as bad as alcohol. Some say that marijuana is safe. Some hippies say that marijuana is natural and should be spread throughout the world. It is debatedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?893 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Marijuana Tax Act OF 1973. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. Moreover, in the United States, some states such as Washington and Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. On the other hand, various penalties are imposed for use or possession of cannabis in most states. Marijuana should be legalize because of the medical and economical adavnages it possesses. Primarily, cannabis should be legalizedRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Beneficial For Medical Purposes1080 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has proven to be beneficial for medical purposes. It has therapeutic effects that will ultimately allow patients with adverse health conditions to improve their quality of life. Legalizing marijuana can also improve the state of the United States’ economy through taxation and creation of job opportunities. Additionally, it can reduce the crime rate in the United States and save the United States tons of money. Contrarily, marijuana should not be legalized for recreational usage. ExtensiveRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?958 Words   |  4 Pagesand use of cannabis, also commonly known as marijuana is considered illegal. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. In particular, small quantities of cannabis have been allowed in regions such as Europe, North America and South America (Ga rdner and Anderson,2012). Moreover, in the United States, states such as Washington or Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical reasons ( Siegel and Worrall, 2014). As inRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan The Time For Change1359 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: The Time for Change Marijuana has been an ongoing controversial issue for quite some time now. According to the national institution on drug abuse, â€Å"Marijuana—also called weed, herb, pot, grass, bud, ganja, Mary Jane, and a vast number of other slang terms—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa— the hemp plant.† (National Institution on Drug Abuse). Today twenty-three states and the District of Columbia currently have